NFL Lexicon

A defensive alignment with three defensive linemen and four linebackers. The 3-4 is versatile for disguising blitzes. It requires a dominant nose tackle and athletic outside linebackers.

A defensive alignment with four defensive linemen and three linebackers. The 4-3 generates pass rush from the front four and is effective against the run. Most common base defense in the NFL.

American Football Conference. One of the two conferences in the NFL, consisting of 16 teams in four divisions (North, South, East, West). The AFC champion plays the NFC champion in the Super Bowl.

An honor given to the best players at each position, selected by the Associated Press. First-team All-Pro is more prestigious than Pro Bowl selection and is considered for Hall of Fame voting.

When the quarterback changes the play at the line of scrimmage after reading the defense. Audibles are called using code words or hand signals. Elite quarterbacks are known for their ability to audible effectively.

A defender who excels at creating turnovers through interceptions or forced fumbles. Ball hawks have excellent instincts for finding the football and making plays on it.

When a defense sends more pass rushers than the offense can block. Blitzes create pressure on the quarterback but leave fewer defenders in coverage. Types include linebacker blitzes, corner blitzes, and safety blitzes.

The offensive lineman who snaps the ball to the quarterback to start each play. The center also makes blocking assignments and calls out defensive alignments. They are positioned in the middle of the offensive line.

A receiver who consistently catches passes for first downs. Chain movers may not have highlight-reel plays but are reliable targets who keep drives alive.

A coach's ability to request a replay review of certain calls. Each team gets two challenges per game (three if both are successful). Unsuccessful challenges cost a timeout.

The percentage of passes completed out of total attempts. Elite quarterbacks complete over 65% of their passes. Completion percentage is affected by depth of target and receiver drops.

The defensive responsibility of keeping the ball carrier inside and preventing them from reaching the sideline. Edge defenders must 'set the edge' and force runs back inside to pursuing teammates.

A deep route where the receiver runs upfield then breaks toward the corner of the end zone. Corner routes are effective in the red zone and against Cover 3 defenses. Also called a 'flag route.'

Defensive backs who cover wide receivers. Cornerbacks need elite speed, agility, and ball skills to prevent completions. They play man-to-man coverage or zone coverage depending on the defensive scheme.

A zone defense with two deep safeties each covering half the field. Five defenders play underneath zones. Cover 2 is vulnerable to deep middle passes (the 'hole' between safeties) and sideline routes.

A zone defense with three deep defenders (two corners and a safety) each covering a third of the field. Four defenders play underneath. Cover 3 is vulnerable to the seams and flat areas.

Defensive linemen who line up on the outside of the defensive line. Their primary job is to rush the quarterback and contain running plays. Speed rushers and power rushers are the two main types of defensive ends.

The players who line up directly across from the offensive line. Their job is to stop the run and rush the quarterback. The D-Line typically consists of Defensive Ends (DE) on the outside and Defensive Tackles (DT) on the inside.

Interior defensive linemen who line up across from the guards and center. They stop inside running plays and push the pocket to disrupt the quarterback. A Nose Tackle (NT) lines up directly over the center in 3-4 defenses.

When the offense fails to snap the ball before the play clock expires (40 seconds, or 25 after certain stoppages). A 5-yard penalty. Teams sometimes take intentional delay of game penalties to help the punter.

A perfectly thrown pass. When a quarterback 'drops a dime,' they deliver the ball exactly where it needs to be. The term comes from the precision of placing a call from a payphone.

A sixth defensive back used in obvious passing situations. The dime defense provides extra coverage against multiple receiver sets. Named because a dime is worth 10 cents (two nickels).

One of four attempts (plays) the offense has to advance the ball 10 yards. If successful, they receive a new set of four downs. If not, they typically punt on 4th down or turn the ball over.

Defensive Player of the Year. An annual award given to the NFL's best defensive player. Often won by pass rushers, linebackers, or cornerbacks who dominate their position.

Defense-adjusted Value Over Average. An advanced metric by Football Outsiders that measures team and player efficiency compared to league average, adjusted for opponent strength and game situation.

A formation with no running backs behind the quarterback. All skill players line up as receivers. Empty formations are used in obvious passing situations and create coverage challenges for defenses.

When a defensive player enters the neutral zone and makes contact with an offensive player before the snap. Unlike offsides, encroachment stops the play immediately. 5-yard penalty.

Expected Points Added. An advanced stat measuring how much a play increases or decreases a team's expected points. Positive EPA means a play helped the offense; negative EPA means it helped the defense.

When a punt or kick returner waves his arm above his head to signal he won't advance the ball. The returner cannot be hit after a fair catch signal. The ball is spotted where the catch is made.

When an offensive player moves before the snap. False start is a 5-yard penalty and the play is blown dead. It's often caused by crowd noise or miscommunication of the snap count.

Achieved when the offense advances the ball past the first down marker (10 yards from the previous first down). Getting a first down resets the down count and gives the offense four new attempts.

A larger, more physical running back who primarily blocks for the halfback or quarterback. Fullbacks are used in short-yardage situations and goal-line plays. The position has become less common in modern spread offenses.

When a ball carrier loses possession of the ball before being down. Fumbles can be recovered by either team. Fumbles lost result in turnovers and are tracked separately from fumbles recovered.

The defensive concept of each player being responsible for a specific gap between offensive linemen. Proper gap control prevents running lanes. Gaps are labeled A (inside), B, C, and D (outside).

The final minutes of a game when the outcome is already decided. Statistics accumulated in garbage time are often discounted because defenses play prevent and starters are rested.

A vertical route where the receiver runs straight down the field at full speed. Also called a 'fly route' or '9 route.' Go routes are used to stretch the defense deep and create big play opportunities.

A heavy personnel grouping used near the goal line with extra tight ends and/or fullbacks. Goal line formations prioritize power and short-yardage efficiency over speed and receiving options.

A traditional name for an American football field. The term comes from the field's resemblance to a cooking gridiron (a metal grate used for grilling) due to the parallel yard lines marked every 5 yards across the 100-yard playing surface. The gridiron is 120 yards long including two 10-yard end zones.

Gridiron Analytics is your comprehensive source for NFL statistics, data analysis, and insights. The name combines 'Gridiron' - the classic term for an American football field due to its grid-like yard line markings - with 'Analytics' representing our data-driven approach. Our platform uses machine learning and comprehensive data to help fans understand the game at a deeper level.

The two offensive linemen positioned between the center and tackles. Guards block defensive tackles and pull on running plays. Left Guard (LG) and Right Guard (RG) are critical for interior pass protection.

A desperate, long pass thrown into the end zone at the end of a half or game. Named after the prayer, Hail Marys have low success rates but create iconic moments when they work.

The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, honoring the greatest players, coaches, and contributors to football. Induction requires a 5-year waiting period after retirement and a vote by selectors.

When the quarterback gives the ball directly to a running back. The exchange must be clean to avoid fumbles. Play-action passes fake a handoff to deceive the defense.

When the quarterback uses an irregular snap count to try to draw the defense offside. The QB varies his cadence to trick defenders into jumping early, resulting in a free play or penalty.

An illegal use of hands to grab or restrict an opponent. Offensive holding is 10 yards; defensive holding is 5 yards and an automatic first down. One of the most common penalties in football.

A running formation with the fullback and halfback lined up directly behind the quarterback. The 'I' shape allows for power running with lead blocking. Less common in modern spread offenses.

When the offense doesn't have the required number of players on the line of scrimmage (minimum 7) or has an ineligible receiver lined up as eligible. A 5-yard penalty.

When a defensive player catches a pass intended for an offensive player. Interceptions result in a turnover and change of possession. Also called a 'pick' in slang.

Injured Reserve. A roster designation for players too injured to play. Players on IR don't count against the 53-man roster but must miss at least 4 games before returning (changed from season-ending in 2021).

A player who catches and returns kickoffs. Kick returners need speed, vision, and the ability to make defenders miss. A kickoff return for a touchdown is one of the most exciting plays in football.

The specialist who kicks field goals and extra points. Kickers also perform kickoffs to start halves and after scores. Accuracy and leg strength are essential, especially for long field goal attempts.

The imaginary line where the ball is placed before each play. Neither team can cross the line of scrimmage before the snap. The offense and defense line up on opposite sides.

Versatile defenders who line up behind the defensive line. Linebackers stop the run, cover receivers, and rush the quarterback. The three types are Middle Linebacker (MLB), Outside Linebacker (OLB), and Inside Linebacker (ILB).

A specialized center who snaps the ball on punts and field goals. Long snappers must deliver accurate snaps over a longer distance than regular centers. Consistency is crucial as bad snaps can ruin kicks.

A defensive scheme where each defender is responsible for covering a specific offensive player. Man coverage requires athletic defenders who can match up with receivers. Also called 'man defense.'

The defensive quarterback who calls plays and aligns the defense. The 'Mike' linebacker is usually the leading tackler and must read offensive plays quickly. They are responsible for stopping runs up the middle.

A player's effort and hustle on every play. Players with great 'motor' never give up on plays and always run to the ball. It's a measure of heart and work ethic, not physical ability.

Most Valuable Player. The NFL's highest individual award, given to the league's best player each season. Quarterbacks have won the majority of MVP awards in recent decades.

The area between the offensive and defensive lines of scrimmage, defined by the length of the football. Only the center may have any part of his body in the neutral zone before the snap.

National Football Conference. One of the two conferences in the NFL, consisting of 16 teams in four divisions (North, South, East, West). The NFC champion plays the AFC champion in the Super Bowl.

National Football League. The premier professional American football league, consisting of 32 teams divided into two conferences (AFC and NFC). Founded in 1920, the NFL is the most popular sports league in the United States.

The annual event where NFL teams select eligible college players. The draft has 7 rounds with 32 picks per round (plus compensatory picks). Draft order is based on previous season's record (worst team picks first).

A fifth defensive back who enters the game in passing situations, replacing a linebacker. The nickel defense is named because a nickel is worth 5 cents. Nickel corners typically cover slot receivers.

A defensive package with five defensive backs (replacing a linebacker). Used against passing formations. The 'nickel' name comes from the fifth DB being worth 5 cents. Now the most common defense.

The five players who block for the quarterback and running backs. From left to right: Left Tackle (LT), Left Guard (LG), Center (C), Right Guard (RG), Right Tackle (RT). They protect the quarterback from pass rushers and create holes for running plays.

When a defensive player is in the neutral zone when the ball is snapped. Offsides is a 5-yard penalty. If the offense gets a 'free play' (defense jumps but play continues), they often take a deep shot.

Offensive Player of the Year. An annual award given to the NFL's best offensive player. Often won by quarterbacks, running backs, or wide receivers who have exceptional seasons.

Organized Team Activities. Voluntary offseason workouts where teams practice together. OTAs occur in May-June and are important for installing new systems and evaluating players.

A route where the receiver runs upfield then breaks sharply toward the sideline. Out routes require precise timing and strong throws. The 'comeback' is a variation where the receiver comes back toward the QB.

An extra period played when the game is tied after regulation. NFL overtime is 10 minutes in regular season (sudden death after first possession unless it's a TD). Playoffs use modified sudden death rules.

When a blocker knocks a defender flat on his back. Pancake blocks demonstrate dominance and are a point of pride for offensive linemen. The term visualizes the defender as flat as a pancake.

Illegal contact that prevents a receiver or defender from catching a pass. Offensive PI is 10 yards; defensive PI is a spot foul (ball placed at the spot of the foul) with an automatic first down.

A formula that measures quarterback efficiency using completions, yards, touchdowns, and interceptions. A perfect passer rating is 158.3. Ratings above 100 are considered excellent.

The total yards gained through completed passes. Passing yards are credited to the quarterback and measure aerial offensive production. A 300-yard passing game is considered excellent.

Pro Football Focus. An analytics company that grades every player on every play. PFF grades range from 0-100 and are widely cited in NFL analysis. They also provide advanced statistics.

An interception returned for a touchdown. 'Pick' is slang for interception, and 'six' refers to the 6 points scored. Pick sixes are momentum-changing plays that swing games.

A hybrid formation with the quarterback 4 yards behind the center (closer than shotgun) with a running back directly behind him. The pistol combines shotgun passing with under-center running concepts.

A passing play that begins with a fake handoff to freeze the linebackers and safeties. Play-action is most effective when a team has established the running game. The quarterback fakes the run, then throws.

The protective area formed by offensive linemen around the quarterback during a passing play. Quarterbacks who stay in the pocket are called 'pocket passers.' Mobile QBs often escape the pocket to extend plays.

A deep route where the receiver runs upfield then angles toward the goalpost. Posts attack the deep middle of the field and are often thrown against Cover 2 defenses. Named for the goalpost shape.

When a cornerback lines up directly in front of a receiver at the line of scrimmage and attempts to jam them. Press coverage disrupts timing but can be beaten by quick releases and speed.

The NFL's annual all-star game featuring the league's best players. Replaced by the Pro Bowl Games in 2023, which includes skills competitions instead of a traditional game.

A player who catches and returns punts. Punt returners must make quick decisions about whether to catch, fair catch, or let the ball go. They need sure hands and elusiveness in traffic.

The specialist who punts the ball on fourth down to push the opposing team back. Punters aim for hang time and distance while trying to pin opponents deep in their territory. They also often serve as holders for field goals.

Physically Unable to Perform. A roster designation for players injured before the season. PUP list players don't count against the roster and must miss at least 4 games. Different from IR.

ESPN's Total Quarterback Rating, a proprietary stat that measures quarterback performance on a 0-100 scale. QBR accounts for game situations, opponent strength, and play difficulty unlike traditional passer rating.

The leader of the offense who receives the snap from the center and either passes the ball, hands it off to a running back, or runs with it himself. The QB calls plays, reads defenses, and is often considered the most important position in football.

The total yards gained by a receiver after catching passes. Receiving yards include yards after catch (YAC). Top receivers often exceed 1,000 receiving yards per season.

The area between the 20-yard line and the goal line. Offenses aim to score touchdowns in the red zone rather than settling for field goals. Red zone efficiency is a key team statistic.

Illegal contact with the quarterback after he has released the ball or in a defenseless position. A 15-yard penalty and automatic first down. Rules have been strengthened to protect QBs.

The predetermined path a receiver runs to get open for a pass. Routes are numbered in route trees and have specific names. Precise route running creates separation from defenders.

Rookie of the Year. Awards given to the best first-year offensive and defensive players. Separate OROY and DROY awards recognize outstanding rookie performances.

Run-Pass Option. A play where the quarterback reads a defender after the snap and decides whether to hand off, keep the ball, or throw a quick pass. RPOs combine running and passing concepts into one play.

An offensive player who specializes in running with the football. They line up behind or beside the quarterback and receive handoffs or catch passes out of the backfield. Running backs need speed, agility, vision, and the ability to break tackles.

The total yards gained by running with the ball. Rushing yards are credited to the ball carrier. A 100-yard rushing game is a benchmark for running back success.

When a defensive player tackles the quarterback behind the line of scrimmage on a passing play. Sacks result in lost yardage and are a key pass rush statistic. The NFL sack record is 22.5 in a season.

The deepest defensive backs who serve as the last line of defense. Free Safeties (FS) typically cover deep zones, while Strong Safeties (SS) play closer to the line and help against the run. Modern safeties are versatile hybrid players.

When a quarterback runs with the ball after the passing play breaks down. Scrambling quarterbacks can extend plays and gain yards when receivers aren't open. It can also lead to big plays or sacks.

A short pass behind the line of scrimmage where offensive linemen release to block for the receiver. Screens are designed to use the defense's aggressiveness against them. Types include RB screens, WR screens, and tunnel screens.

A vertical route run between zones in the defense, typically by tight ends or slot receivers. Seam routes exploit the gaps between linebackers and safeties in zone coverage.

An offensive formation where the quarterback stands 5-7 yards behind the center to receive the snap. Shotgun gives the QB more time to read the defense and is common in passing situations.

A quick route where the receiver takes a few steps forward then cuts diagonally across the field. Slants are effective against press coverage and provide quick completions in the short passing game.

The area between the offensive line and the outside receiver. Slot receivers line up in this space and typically run shorter routes. The slot is also a defensive coverage area.

The action that starts each play. The center snaps (passes) the ball between his legs to the quarterback. Snaps can be under center (direct handoff) or in shotgun (thrown back several yards).

An offensive system that spreads receivers across the field to create space and mismatches. Spread offenses often use shotgun, RPOs, and quick passing. They force defenses to cover the entire field.

The NFL championship game, played annually in early February. The Super Bowl is the most-watched television event in the United States. Winners receive the Vince Lombardi Trophy.

A versatile player who can line up at multiple positions and perform various roles. Swiss Army Knife players create matchup problems because defenses don't know how they'll be used.

The two offensive linemen on the outside of the guards. Tackles protect the quarterback's blind side (usually left tackle for right-handed QBs) and are often the highest-paid linemen due to their importance in pass protection.

Unsportsmanlike conduct involving gestures, words, or actions directed at opponents. A 15-yard penalty. The NFL increased enforcement in 2021 to reduce on-field confrontations.

A versatile offensive player who lines up on the line of scrimmage next to the offensive tackle. Tight ends block like offensive linemen and catch passes like receivers. Modern tight ends are often athletic mismatches against linebackers and safeties.

When the ball is downed in the end zone on a kickoff or punt, or when a kick goes through the end zone. The receiving team gets the ball at their own 25-yard line (kickoff) or 20-yard line (punt).

A score worth 6 points, achieved by possessing the ball in the opponent's end zone. After a touchdown, teams attempt an extra point (1 point) or two-point conversion (2 points). Abbreviated as TD.

An automatic timeout called when two minutes remain in each half. The two-minute warning stops the clock and gives both teams time to strategize. It's unique to the NFL and doesn't exist in college football.

Undrafted Free Agent. A player who wasn't selected in the NFL Draft but signs with a team afterward. Many UDFAs become successful NFL players, including some Pro Bowlers and Hall of Famers.

The traditional quarterback alignment directly behind the center, receiving a direct hand-to-hand snap. Under center is preferred for running plays and play-action passes.

Excessive or violent contact deemed unnecessary to make a play. A 15-yard penalty that can result in ejection for flagrant acts. Includes late hits, hits on defenseless players, and fighting.

An offensive player who specializes in catching passes. Wide receivers line up on the line of scrimmage near the sidelines and run routes to get open for the quarterback. They need speed, good hands, and precise route-running ability.

The yards gained by a receiver after catching the ball. YAC measures a receiver's ability to gain extra yards with the ball in their hands. High YAC indicates elusiveness and run-after-catch ability.

A defensive scheme where defenders are responsible for areas of the field rather than specific players. Zone defenses read the quarterback's eyes and break on the ball. Common zones include Cover 2, Cover 3, and Cover 4.